Straight Line Depreciation: How to Calculate & Formula
Crystalynn is a CPA and Intuit ProAdvisor with an extensive background in QuickBooks consulting and training. She lends her expertise to Fit Small Business’s accounting career, business accounting, and accounting software content.
Straight line depreciation is the simplest way to calculate an asset’s loss of value (or depreciation) over time. It is used for bookkeeping purposes to spread the cost of an asset evenly over multiple years. It can also be used to calculate income tax deductions, but only for some assets, like nonresidential property, patents and software.
How Does Straight Line Depreciation Work?
Straight line depreciation spreads the cost of an item evenly over its useful life. For example, if you purchase a machine for $25,000 that you’ll use for 5 years, the cost would be written off as $5,000 for each year the machine is used. (Unless there’s a salvage value, which we’ll explain below.)
This makes straight line depreciation distinct from other methods (like Double Declining Balance or Sum of the Years Digits), which report a higher cost early on, and less in subsequent years. These methods are usually preferred for items like cars and electronics, which tend to lose their value at a faster rate.
The main advantage to straight line depreciation is it’s simplicity, and the fact that it can be used to deduct SOME items with the IRS. We’ll explain exactly when to use straight depreciation next.
When is Straight Line Depreciation Used?
There’s two ways straight line deprecation is used:
1. To get a tax deduction
When you purchase a fixed asset for your business, like a vehicle, computer or furniture, you generally cannot write the entire cost off in the first year. Instead, you have to spread the deduction out across the timespan you’ll be using it.
One glaring exception to this is Section 179, which lets you deduct the full cost of some assets in a single year (up to $500,000 total). However, if you do not qualify for Section 179, or if your purchases exceed $500,000, you’ll need to use an alternate method.
Straight line is one of the methods allowed by the IRS to deduct assets over multiple years. The vast majority of the time, however, you’ll use a different method known as MACRS. The straight line method is typically only used for intangible assets like software and copyrights, as well as nonresidential real property.
2. For accounting purposes
Depreciation may also be reported on your books. If you use the cash basis accounting method, then you do not have to depreciate fixed assets for accounting purposes (you still have to depreciate assets for tax purposes on your tax return). However, if you purchase expensive assets for your business and do not record depreciation on your books, your financial statements may not accurately reflect how well your business is really doing.
This is the reason why many companies keep two sets of books. Your tax-adjusted basis books are based on what you use to calculate your tax deduction, whereas your book-adjusted basis books are based on what an asset is worth for internal or external use (e.g. showing your profits to investors or lenders). Depending on what assets you’re depreciating, you might use straight line depreciation for both your tax deduction and books. Or you might use different depreciation methods for your taxes and books.
How Do I Calculate Straight Line Depreciation?
Most people will not bother to calculate depreciation because they have a CPA who will take care of it or a tax software program like TurboTax that will do it. However, it is good to know how the calculation works. Here is the formula for calculating straight line depreciation:
Annual depreciation expense =
(Cost basis of fixed asset – Salvage) / Estimated useful life
- Cost basis of the asset – The total cost of the item including taxes, shipping, etc.
- Estimated salvage value of the asset – How much you’ll sell it for (if anything) once you’re done using it
- Estimated useful life of the asset – The amount of time you’ll use it, typically in years
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Now let’s dive into each of these in more detail:
Cost Basis of the Asset
The cost basis of the asset will generally include all of the expenses that you incurred to get the asset up and running for use in your business. This includes but is not limited to any shipping or delivery costs, installation charges, sales tax and other indirect costs. For example, if you purchased a machine and had to get someone to come out and run tests before you could use it, that should also be included in the calculation of the cost basis of the machine.
The formula to calculate the cost basis of an asset is simple — just take all these values and add them up:
Cost basis of an asset = Cost of the asset + Sales tax + Shipping and delivery costs + Installation charges + Other costs
Salvage Value
The salvage value is the estimated amount the asset will be worth if you were to sell it at the end of its useful life. For example, if you had a car that you wanted to trade in for a new one, the value of the old car would be based on the Kelley Blue Book value, which is what the dealer will pay you (salvage value) for that car.
Estimated Useful Life
The estimated useful life is the amount of time you expect an asset to last. Sometimes an asset may last longer than you expect it to and other times it may not. It really depends on the wear and tear on the asset as you use it over the years.
The IRS has provided a guide on the recovery period (useful life) based on the type of business asset purchased. Below is a summarized table of the depreciation recovery periods as defined by the IRS. I have listed 3, 5 and 7 year property in the table below. However, you can find the full list of properties in IRS Pub 946.
Depreciation Recovery Periods for Business Equipment
| Recovery Period | Types of business equipment |
|---|---|
| 3-year property | Tractor units and horses over 2 years old |
| 5-year property | Cars, taxis, buses, trucks, computers, office equipment (computers, calculators, copiers), research equipment, cattle |
| 7-year property | Office furniture and fixtures such as desks, files and safes |
Putting it All Together
Once you have the cost basis of the asset, the estimated useful life, and salvage value, use the formula below for calculating straight line depreciation:
Annual depreciation expense =
(Cost basis of fixed asset – Salvage) / Estimated useful life
Example: Let’s say you purchased a brand new computer, a monitor, and a desk for your office. Below is a summary of the cost basis (including sales tax, shipping, installation & any other costs), the salvage amount and the useful life taken from the IRS table.
| Fixed Asset | Cost Basis | Salvage Value | Useful Life (years) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Computer | $1200 | $200 | 5 |
| Monitor | $300 | $0 | 5 |
| Desk | $1000 | $300 | 7 |
Annual depreciation expense =
(Cost basis of fixed asset – Salvage) / Estimated useful life
Computer Annual Depreciation Expense Calculation:
($1200 – $200) / 5 = $200 per year
Monitor Annual Depreciation Expense Calculation:
($300 – $0) / 5 = $60 per year
Desk Annual Depreciation Expense Calculation:
($1000 – $300) / 7 = $100 per year
What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Straight Line Depreciation?
A couple of advantages to using straight line depreciation are:
- It can be used for tax purposes to calculate a tax deduction for intangible assets like patents and copyrights.
- It can also be used to report depreciation for accounting purposes.
- It is very simple to calculate
A couple of disadvantages of using straight line depreciation are:
- Straight line depreciation assumes that an asset will decline in value equally over its useful life. However, most assets lose a greater portion of their useful life in the early years. For example, cars and computers lose their value in the first few years. Be sure to check out double declining balance or sum of the years digits. Both of these depreciation methods will allow you to write off a higher amount of depreciation in the earlier years and lower depreciation in the later years.
How to Report Straight Line Depreciation for Tax Purposes
Straight line depreciation can be used as a tax deduction for intangible assets like patents and copyrights. To determine the deductible amount of depreciation expense for tax purposes, you will need to complete Form 4562. As we discussed, the amount you can deduct on your taxes might differ from what you are eligible to expense on your books.
How to Record Straight Line Depreciation for Accounting Purposes
You should record depreciation expense on a monthly basis so that your profit and loss statement and balance sheet report remain up-to-date. Depreciation expense will increase the total expenses on your profit and loss statement. Your balance sheet will include the accumulated depreciation account. The accumulated depreciation account will reduce the overall value of your fixed assets. You will record depreciation expense using a journal entry.
In QuickBooks Online, you can easily create a journal entry to record depreciation expense in no time. To record depreciation expense for the computer example above, you would create a journal entry to debit and credit the following accounts:
| Debit | Credit | |
|---|---|---|
| Depreciation Expense | $200 | |
| Accumulated Depreciation | $200 |
Like most business expenses, you must keep all receipts, titles and contracts that show the date of purchase, you as the listed owner, and the amount that you paid for every asset. This includes receipts for any amounts included to calculate the cost basis (i.e. installation, sales tax, shipping, etc.) of the asset.
Last but not least, you will need to create a depreciation schedule. If you use QuickBooks then you can easily create a depreciation schedule. In the Can QuickBooks Help Me Keep Track of Depreciation section, we will show you how to do this. However, if you don’t have QuickBooks then you need to create a depreciation schedule using a spreadsheet program like Excel. It’s easier to set up schedules based on useful life. Here is an example of how I would set up a schedule for fixed assets with a useful life of 5 years:
Depreciation Schedule: 5-Year Property
| Date Put in Service | Description | Cost | Recovery Period (yrs.) | Annual Depreciation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1/1/2016 | Computer | $1000 | 5 | $200 |
| 1/1/2016 | Monitor | $300 | 5 | $60 |
Can QuickBooks Help Me Keep Track of Depreciation?
QuickBooks is our recommended accounting software for small businesses. Unfortunately it will not calculate depreciation expense for you. However, you can purchase fixed asset software that is designed to help you track and calculate depreciation for all of your fixed assets.
What you can do with QuickBooks is keep track of all of your fixed asset purchases by setting them up on the chart of accounts list. You can run a chart of accounts report, export it to Excel and it will include most of the info that you need to create the depreciation schedule we discussed earlier in this article.
To keep track of fixed assets in QuickBooks you will need to set them up on the chart of accounts. To learn more about how to set up fixed assets in QuickBooks, watch our How to Set up the Chart of Accounts video tutorial. Below is a screenshot that shows the info required to set up a new fixed account in QuickBooks:
- Category Type: Fixed Assets
- Detail Type: Select the type of fixed asset (i.e. Vehicles).
- Name: Type the name of the fixed asset
- Description: You can enter the same info as the name field or provide any additional info about the fixed asset in this field.
- Original cost/as of date: The original cost of the asset and the date of purchase should be entered here.
- Depreciation/as of date: Any accumulated depreciation that you may have already taken.
- Tip: You will only complete this field if you started depreciating the asset prior to setting it up in QuickBooks.
Once you have created the fixed asset in QuickBooks, you can run a chart of accounts report and filter it to show just fixed assets. Below is a snapshot of the Chart of accounts showing just fixed assets only:
You can export this report to Excel, add the additional info that we discussed earlier should be included on your depreciation schedules and save it.
If you’re in the market for a new accounting software, we recommend QuickBooks for small businesses. We have created a free QuickBooks Online course that will help you set up and manage your books in no time. There are step by step instructions and videos to show you how to do it! You can click here to visit our course now.
The Bottom Line
By now I hope you have a better understanding of how to calculate straight line depreciation, the impact it has on your financial statements and some of the advantages and disadvantages to using this method.
Still have questions? Ask us below!
