How to Do Payroll Accounting: A Step-by-Step Guide

Payroll accounting is the act of recording employee compensation, keeping track of money withheld from employees’ paychecks and calculating the employee and employer share of taxes and benefits. You can accomplish this in 5 easy steps: prepare to hire employees, gather key employee documents, calculate & record paychecks and file & pay taxes on time.

One third of all business calculate payroll taxes wrong, costing themselves money, time and possibly legal issues. Using a small business payroll software like Gusto can make payroll quick and easy and save your business a lot of trouble. Click here for a free 30-day trial.

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Here are 5 steps on how to do payroll accounting:

1. Set Up Your Company to Hire Employees

Before you hire employees, there are a few decisions that you will need to make as well as information you will need to obtain. These things include your wage and salary types, desired benefits, and more.

Below you will find the primary items you’ll need to setup to start hiring employees:

Get a Federal Employer Identification Number (EIN)

The Federal government tracks all tax payments made by a business using their EIN (Employer Identification Number). It’s free to get an EIN from the IRS.

Decide on Wage & Salary Types

You’ll need to decide salary levels for all your employees and whether you’ll be paying employees hourly or with an annual salary. Check out our how to pay employees guide to learn more.

Select Pay Periods

It is important to establish how often you will pay employees before you hire them. The most common pay periods used are weekly, biweekly, semimonthly and monthly.

Decide What Benefits You Will Offer to Employees

Benefits are a key component of payroll. For example, if you offer a 401K plan or a health insurance plan, then you must decide how much you will contribute as an employer and what the employee must contribute in order to participate in the plan.

Purchase Workers’ Comp Insurance

Workers compensation provides protection for employees who are injured on the job or become sick because of the job. Workers’ compensation is mandated by each state except Texas. You can learn more about the cost and state requirements in our how to purchase workers’ comp guide.

2. Gather Paperwork You Need to Pay Employees

After hiring your employees, you’ll need to set them up in your payroll system. For each employee, you will typically need an I-9 form, W-4 form, and direct deposit authorization form, if applicable. Below you will find a downloadable template & a brief description of each of these forms.

I-9 Form

All employers in the U.S. must verify that any person they plan to hire is a U.S. citizen or has the right to work in the United States. This must be done by completing the I-9 form and making copies of documentation provided by the employee such as Social Security card, VISA, birth certificate or driver’s license. Click here for more information, including a sample I-9 form.

W-4 Form

On the W-4 form, employees will provide information like their marital status and the number of allowances they want to take for their dependent children. Based on this information, you can calculate how much income taxes to take out of your employees’ paychecks. Click here to download a sample W-4 form.

Direct Deposit Authorization Form

If you offer direct deposit to your employees, you must get their permission to deposit money into their bank account. To do so, you need to have each employee complete a direct deposit authorization form. Click here to download a sample direct deposit authorization form.

In addition, have the employee submit a voided check along with the completed form. This will allow you to verify that they have given you the correct bank routing and account number. We recommend that you allow employees to deposit into one bank account. Otherwise, you will find yourself managing your employee’s money if you allow them to split their check to multiple bank accounts.

Paying employees via direct deposit will allow you to save money because you don’t have to purchase check stock. On the other hand, if you make a mistake in calculating an employee’s pay, it is much easier to void a payroll check and reissue it. Unfortunately, you can’t void a direct deposit payment. Once it is made, you will have to work with the employee to either issue them a check if you underpaid them or reduce the employee’s next direct deposit payment.

If you can’t get all of your employees to sign up for direct deposit, then you will need to print payroll checks. Printing payroll checks in payroll software like Gusto is quick and easy. All you have to do is purchase payroll check stock. The software will also run payroll as a direct deposit for you.

3. Calculate Paychecks

Now that we have covered what you need to do to prepare yourself to pay employees, the next few sections will cover the steps involved to pay employees, record payroll on the books, and paying and filing payroll taxes.

Before we get into the nitty gritty of calculating paychecks, I don’t recommend manually calculating paychecks. First, the calculation can get very complicated, which makes it easy to make a mistake that requires you to process retro pay. Second, any mistake that you make could result in an under or overpayment to your employee or an under or overpayment to state, federal, and local authorities. I don’t have to tell you that miscalculating paychecks will not be an acceptable excuse to give the IRS if it results in an underpayment of payroll taxes.

Make things easier on yourself by using a payroll software like Gusto. Just enter the number of hours worked for each employee, mark any sick or vacation days taken, and Gusto will automatically calculate paychecks for you.

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4. Record Payroll

Recording payroll on your books involves making sure that amounts are accurately posted to payroll accounts. Before you can record payroll, you will need to set up payroll accounts on your chart of accounts list. The chart of accounts is a list of accounts that is used to categorize the financial transactions that your business generates. For a general overview of the chart of accounts, check out our bookkeeping guide.

One of the many benefits of using Gusto is you can connect your QuickBooks account to Gusto and map your chart of accounts so that each time you run payroll, all of the accounts are updated in real time.

Chart of Accounts Setup

The accounts that you need to set up to track payroll will generally be an expense account or a liability account. An expense is a cost that you have as a result of doing business like gross wages and health insurance. A liability is money that you owe to others.

For example, workers compensation is a liability because it is money owed to your insurance provider and employee health insurance is an expense because it will be paid to the vendor that provides health insurance benefits for your business.

Below is a list of the accounts you will generally need to set up on your chart of accounts to track all payroll-related activities along with a brief description of each account. Download your free payroll chart of accounts list for future reference.

Account Name	Account Type
Gross Wages	Expense
Health Insurance (Employer Share)	Expense
401K Matching	Expense
Federal Withholding	Liability
FICA Payable	Liability
FUTA Payable	Liability
SUTA Payable	Liability
State Disability Payable	Liability
Workers Compensation	Liability
Employee Health Insurance Payable	Liability
401K Employee Contribution	Liability
Accrued Vacation Payable	Liability
Accrued Sick Payable	Liability

• Gross Wages – Include the amount that you pay to an employee every pay period before any deductions are made.
• Health Insurance – Include the total amount of health insurance that you pay to your insurance provider (i.e. Blue Cross, Kaiser, etc.).
• 401K Matching – If you offer a 401K plan to your employees, you will include the number of contributions you have made to match your employee contributions in this account. This money will be paid to the investment company that is responsible for maintaining the company 401K. (i.e. Fidelity)
• Federal Withholding – This account should reflect the total amount of income taxes you have withheld from all employee paychecks. You will remit these funds to the IRS based the deadlines set by the IRS.
• FICA Payable – Deductions from employee paychecks for Social Security and Medicare taxes will accumulate in this account. You will remit these funds to the IRS based the deadlines set by the IRS.
• SUTA Payable – This account should include the state unemployment taxes that you are responsible for paying.
• State Disability – This account should include the state disability taxes that you have withheld from employees, if applicable.
• Workers Compensation – In this account, you need to reflect the amount of workers compensation due.
• Employee Health Insurance Payable – This account will include the amount withheld from employee paychecks for health insurance coverage. This account will reduce the amount of health insurance paid by the employer.
• 401K Employee Contribution – All employee 401K contributions withheld from paychecks will accumulate in this account. This money will be paid to the investment company that is responsible for maintaining the company 401K. (i.e. Fidelity)
• Accrued Vacation Pay – If you offer your employees time off with pay, then you need to keep track of the amount of time they have earned on the books. The way this would work is an employee would earn a certain number of vacation hours each pay period. It is important to record accrued vacation because it is money that you owe to the employee. If he/she were to quit or you fired them then you would have to include all accrued vacation pay in their final paycheck. Let’s take a look at an example to see how this would work.

Example of Recording Payroll

As discussed in the previous section, a journal entry is best described as the recording of debits and credits. If you use an accounting program like QuickBooks, you don’t have to enter journal entries often because QuickBooks does that for you “behind the scenes” when you create an invoice for a customer or pay a bill. However, if you use a manual accounting system, then you will need to create journal entries.

When you record payroll, you will generally debit Gross Wage Expense, credit all of the liability accounts, and credit the cash account. Gross Wages will appear on your Profit and Loss report, and the liability and cash accounts will be included on your Balance Sheet report.

Journal Entry To Record A $10,000 Payroll

Debit: Gross Wage Expense	$10,000
Credit: Federal Withholding	$1,000
Credit: FICA Payable	$2,000
Credit: Employee Health Insurance	$1,000
Credit: 401K Employee Contribution	$2,000
Credit: Cash	$4,000

Example of Accrued Vacation

When recording payroll, you’ll also have to account for any accrued vacation. Let’s say an employee gets 10 vacation days each year and is on a biweekly pay period. You would calculate the number of vacation hours this employee would accrue each pay period as follows:

• 10 vacation days x 8 hours = 80 hours (this is the number of vacation hours earned each year)
• 80 hours/26 weeks (number of times a biweekly employee is paid each year) = 3.08 hours (this is the number of vacation hours earned each pay period)

To accrue vacation on the books, you must use a journal entry. A journal entry is a manual way to record business transactions. It generally will include an effective date, a debit amount, and a credit amount. To learn more about what a journal entry is and how to create one, check this out. Below is an example of the journal entry we would record for an employee who earns a wage of $30 per hour. ($30.00 times 3.08)

Journal Entry to Record Accrued Vacation Pay

Debit: Gross Wage Expense	$92.40
Credit: Vacation Payable	$92.40

Example of Accrued Sick Pay

Similar to accrued vacation pay, you’ll also need to keep track of the amount of sick pay an employee has earned on the books. You can establish how much sick pay an employee would earn per pay period (as we did in the above accrued vacation pay example).

Let’s assume this employee has earned 1 hour of sick pay at a $30 per hour wage then our journal entry would be as follows:

Journal Entry to Record Accrued Sick Pay

Debit: Gross Wage Expenses	$30.00
Credit: Sick Payable	$30.00

If you don’t want to manually record a journal entry everytime you run your payroll, try Gusto payroll software. Gusto easily integrates with QuickBooks and records all of the debits and credits behind the scenes.

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5. File & Pay Payroll Taxes

There are many payroll reporting and document retention requirements at the federal, state, and local levels. We will focus on what the federal government requires. However, in the next section, you will find a couple of great resources that you can use to research what the requirements are for your particular state and local area.

There are four main tax forms that you are required to complete in order to report your payroll tax information. Below is a summary table of each tax form, their respective due dates, and a description of the tax reported on each form.

Key Payroll Tax Forms & Due Dates

Tax Form	Due Date
IRS Form 941	1 month after a quarter ends. (i.e. April 30, July 31, Oct 31 and Jan 31)
IRS Form 940	Annually on Jan 31 for the preceding tax year
IRS Form W-2	Must be filed electronically with the SSA (Social Security Administration) office by Jan 31 for the preceding year. Must be mailed to employee no later than Jan 31 for the preceding tax year.
IRS Form W-3	Must be filed electronically with the SSA (Social Security Administration) office by Jan 31 for the preceding year.

IRS Form 941

Use this form to report the total Social Security and Medicare taxes (FICA) withheld from all employee paychecks plus the employer share of Social Security and Medicare tax. Social security is 12.4% of employee wages up to a maximum salary of $127,200 (2017) and $128,400 (2018). Medicare is 2.9% with no salary cap.

While you must file Form 941 on a quarterly basis, you may be required to submit payments to the IRS either on a monthly or semimonthly basis. Check our FICA & Form 941 tax guide to learn when to pay FICA taxes and file Form 941.

IRS Form 940

Under the Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA), employers have to pay a tax rate of 6% on the first $7,000 that each employee earns. Form 940 must be filed annually to report payments made for unemployment taxes. While you only have to file this form annually, you may be required to submit payments more often than that. For more information, head over to our FUTA tax guide.

IRS Form W2

The W2 form provides employees with a summary of the wages that you paid them and the deductions taken for the tax year. You are required to provide all employees with this form by Jan 31. You must also file this form with the SSA (Social Security Administration). It is recommended that you electronically file this form. Check out how to file electronically to learn more.

IRS Form W3

This form is a summary of all W2 forms issued to employees, You must also file this form with the SSA along with all W2 forms. This form should be filed electronically with the SSA at the same time that you file form W2.

Manually Calculate Payroll Checks

For the vast majority of small business owners, outsourcing payroll to payroll software company like Gusto is going to be a huge time saver for calculating paychecks. However, I do believe that it is important for you to understand what goes into calculating payroll checks in case you ever need to do it manually or to correct a payroll error.

Let’s walk through the components of the formula and then use an example so that you can see how to do the calculation. Here is the formula to calculate net pay for an employee along with a brief description of each component:

Net Pay = Employee Gross Pay – (Employee Share of Social Security + Medicare + Federal Withholding Tax + Other Deductions)

Gross pay

Gross pay is the salary/wage paid to an employee each pay period. The formula to calculate gross pay for hourly and salary employees is as follows:

• Hourly employee: Hours worked x Hourly Rate
• Salary employee: Annual salary/Total # of pay periods

Social Security Tax

As an employer, you are required to withhold 6.2% of an employee’s gross pay for Social Security. You are also required to match the 6.2% employee contribution. Here is the formula to calculate the employee’s share of Social Security taxes:

• Gross pay x 0.062

Medicare Tax

You are required to withhold 1.45% of an employee’s gross pay for the Medicare fund. Similar to Social Security, you are required to match the 1.45% employee contribution. Here is the formula to calculate the employee’s share of Medicare taxes:

• Gross pay x 0.0145

Federal Withholding

Federal withholding is the amount of income tax that an employee must pay, based on their gross pay, tax bracket, the number of allowances claimed on Form W-4, and their marital status. With this information, you can look up the federal withholding amount for employees by using the IRS Tables in Pub 15.

To see how this works, let’s walk through an example:

Federal Withholding Example

In this example, let’s assume our employee is married and has claimed 2 allowances on her W4 form. She is paid $1,600 per pay period. Assuming we run payroll on a biweekly basis, we would use the following wage bracket table (from IRS Pub 15) to determine the amount of income tax to withhold. Based on this table, we would withhold $109 from this employee’s paycheck for income tax.

Other Deductions

Depending on what fringe benefits you offer, there may be several deductions that you need to make for employee paychecks besides Social Security, Medicare, and federal withholding. For example, if you offer a health insurance plan that the employee can contribute to, you will need to deduct the employee’s share of that health insurance plan in order to calculate net pay.

Putting It All Together

Now that you are more familiar with the components of calculating net pay for your employees, let’s walk through an example. We will assume the employee makes $20/hr and worked 80 hours this pay period.

Here are the 6 steps to calculate net pay for an employee paycheck:

Calculate Net Pay for Employee Example

1. Calculate Gross Wages	80 hours X $20 = $1600
2. Calculate Federal Income Tax Withholding (from previous example)	$109
3. Calculate Social Security Tax	$1,600 X 0.062 (6.2%) = $99.20
4. Calculate Medicare Tax	$1,600 X 0.0145 = $23.20
5. Subtotal all deductions (steps 2, 3, 4)	$109 + $99.20 + $23.20 = $231.40
6. Subtract subtotal of all deductions from Gross Pay to get Net Pay	$1,600 - $231.40 = $1,368.60 (Net Pay)

State and Local Requirements

In this article, we have primarily focused on your tax responsibility at the federal level. However, states and localities may have additional or different laws when it comes to payroll taxes. To learn more about your tax responsibility at the state level, consult your state tax website.

The Bottom Line – How to Do Payroll Accounting

If you are a bit overwhelmed by the intricacies of learning how to do payroll accounting, you’re not alone. Gusto can save you a ton of time by automating manual tasks like calculating your paychecks and computing your share of Social Security tax, Medicare tax, and state and federal unemployment taxes.

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