Paid Time Off (PTO) Policy Guide + Free Template
Charlette has over 10 years of experience in accounting and finance and 2 years of partnering with HR leaders on freelance projects. She uses this extensive experience to answer your questions about payroll.
Jennifer Hartman is an HR Specialist and staff writer for Fit Small Business, with over 15 years of experience in accounting, payroll, and human resources.
Having a strong paid time off (PTO) policy is one of the first steps to attracting and retaining quality talent. Your policy should include various time off categories, including sick leave, vacation, bereavement leave, and more. While some PTO policies combine vacation and sick time into a single bank of paid days off, keep in mind that many states require a specific amount of time to be allocated directly to sick leave.
We’ve created a free PTO policy template you can download and customize based on your business’s needs.
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For help with creating policies consider Gusto. Its online software will allow you to hire, onboard, track time, load benefits, upload payroll, and more.
If you need help ensuring your business stays compliant with state and local laws while keeping your employees’ well-being in mind, consider Bambee. Bambee is a fully outsourced HR company built for small businesses. Its dedicated advisers will provide you with ongoing assistance and tailored solutions so you get exactly what you pay for. Speaking of which, plans start at just $99/month, making Bambee one of the most affordable ways to ensure compliance and improve your HR operations.
Types of PTO to Include in Your Policy
Legally speaking, employers do not need to offer vacation time to their employees. However, a robust PTO policy can help you attract and retain top talent. Also, sick time, which falls under the umbrella of PTO offerings, may be a requirement in your city or state. Below is a list of PTO types you may want to consider when creating your policy.
Did You Know?
More than 80% of employers in a 2022 SHRM survey indicated leave benefits were “very important.”
Sick Leave
Sick time is defined as time taken off of work due to illness. This can be due to an illness suffered by the employee or to care for an ill family member.
Traditionally, employers offer around three to five paid sick days per year. However, when creating your sick leave policy, be sure to follow state and federal guidelines, as these may require a specific number of days per year to be allotted for sick leave. States like California and Oregon require companies to offer paid time off for employees’ sick time, even if they do not have PTO benefits/policies.
If your business has over 50 full-time employees, you are subject to federal and state regulations through the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) regarding unpaid time off for medical purposes.
Vacation Leave
Vacation leave is when an employee schedules time away from the workplace for reasons other than illness. In some cases, emergencies are also covered by vacation PTO, such as a car breakdown or a meeting with a home repair person in the middle of the workday.
While there are no federal regulations regarding the amount of vacation leave a company must provide, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) found that in the US, the average amount of vacation for private industry businesses was equal to 10 to 14 working days. These amounts typically increase based on the number of years of service with the company.
Years of Service | Average Paid Vacation Days (Full-Time Employees) | Average Paid Vacation Days (Part-Time Employees) |
|---|---|---|
1 Year | 10–14 days | 8 days |
5 Years | 15–19 days | 12 days |
10 Years | 20–24 days | 14 days |
20 Years | 24+ days | 16 days |
Providing at least two weeks of vacation time can increase employee productivity and improve your bottom line.
Unlimited PTO
Another option for offering time off is to allow your employees unlimited PTO days to use for sick, vacation, personal leave, etc. With this type of policy, there is no need for accruals. Employees simply take time off when they need it.
However, be sure to still have an unlimited PTO policy in place that sets out guidelines. While there is no cap on the amount of time an employee can take off under this policy, you may want to limit it to full-time exempt employees only and stipulate that their time off still needs to be approved within a certain timeframe.
It is a best practice to switch to an unlimited PTO policy at the beginning of your fiscal year. Typically this will be on Jan. 1. At the time, be sure to notify your employees that they will no longer accrue PTO by holding a meeting to discuss the new plan. You will also want to tell them there will be no rollover of PTO and no payout upon termination.
Even under an unlimited PTO policy, some states require that sick time be counted separately. Be sure to follow your state’s guidelines. See our Sick Leave Laws by city/state.
Personal Leave (Floating Holiday)
Personal leave days (or floating holidays) are additional PTO days that employees can use anytime. As workplaces become more diverse, having personal holidays is how many businesses support employees’ needs that don’t fit neatly into the other PTO buckets.
Many businesses now include three to five paid personal days meant to be used at the employee’s discretion, be it for a religious holiday, children’s school conference, or even their birthday. Most policies don’t require employees to provide a reason for taking a personal day, and it’s a separate box on the PTO request form (or in the tracking system).
Bereavement Leave
Bereavement leave is paid leave available to an employee upon the death of a family member. Typically, this leave is taken to be with family and attend the funeral. Although not required by federal law, most businesses offer an average of one to five paid days for this type of leave.
Be aware that there may be state laws in place that you should consider. For instance, in Oregon, employers with 25 or more employees are required to provide bereavement leave; however, it can be in the form of unpaid leave.
Many employers offer bereavement leave to their employees in increments based upon the relation to the employee:
Type of Family Member | Average Number of Paid Leave Days |
|---|---|
Immediate Family Members (parents, grandparents, spouse, children, siblings, etc.) | 3–5 paid days |
Extended Family Members (aunts, uncles, cousins, in-laws, etc.) | 1–3 paid days |
Jury Leave
This kind of PTO is typically triggered by a court document requesting your employee to serve jury duty. Although you are required to adhere to these court callings by allowing your employees time away from work, you are not required to pay them.
The developing best practice, however, is that a couple of days of paid jury duty signals to employees that you support their civic service duties. Regardless of your approach, retaliation laws prohibit employers from threatening or intimidating employees from participating in jury duty.
Maternity/Paternity Leave
Maternity leave refers to the period of time that a new mother takes off from work following the birth of her baby. This is often made up of a combination of PTO benefits that include sick leave, vacation, holiday time, and personal days, as well as short-term disability and unpaid family leave time (FMLA). On the other hand, paternity leave is a period of time when a father takes time off from work to bond with his new baby. This time is typically less than maternity leave (an average of two weeks).
For companies with 50 or more employees, this type of leave is governed through the FMLA and/or state equivalent leave laws (note that state laws often address employers with fewer than 50 employees, such as Oregon Family Leave Laws). FMLA law sets the maximum allowed leave at 12 weeks (26 weeks for service members), including all paid and unpaid leave.
Employers that partner with unions and are subject to collective bargaining agreements may have stipulations that speak to both vacation and sick leave requirements. If you do business with a union, speak to your union delegate or attorney to ensure you understand how much PTO you must provide.
Details to Include in Your PTO Policy
When creating your PTO policy, you should include specific policy guidelines, like determining how your employees will receive their PTO. Additional things to consider are whether PTO carries over to the next year, who is eligible under the plan, and if you will pay out accrued but unused PTO when an employee leaves.
Accrual Method vs Flat-rate Method
When it comes to paid time off, most employers use either an accrual or a flat-rate method to determine how PTO is allotted to their employees. Although either is fine to use, which one you decide on is determined by your preference and work culture.
Whether you choose an accrual or flat-rate PTO policy, consider a leave management provider that can help you track both accrued and flat-rate PTO, including auto-setting PTO accruals by start date.
Waiting Period for New Employees
Some employers require their employees to pass an introductory period—such as 30, 60, or 90 days—before they can take PTO. Some state laws require sick leaves to be made available before this, but no laws require vacation time to be available immediately. Choosing to have a waiting period for vacation, bereavement, or personal holidays, is at your discretion.
Rollover vs Use It Or Lose It
As you are creating your PTO policy, you must decide how the remaining PTO will be allocated at the end of the year. There are two options: roll over PTO to the next year or lose any remaining PTO.
- Rollover policy: Employees can roll over a certain amount of unused PTO to the next year. You can decide how many total PTO days roll over to the next year and how long that rolled-over amount is available. For instance, some policies state that you can roll over up to 10 PTO days—however, they must be used by mid-year (June 30) or they will be lost.
- Use-it-or-lose-it policy: Employees must use all their PTO time by a certain date, usually within a calendar or fiscal year, or forfeit it. For example, if an employee has five remaining accrued PTO days at the end of the year and does not use them, they will be forever lost and unavailable in the next calendar year. Be sure to check your state and local laws concerning PTO. Some states, such as California, do not allow use-it-or-lose-it PTO policies; however, a cap can be put on accrued PTO that is rolled over.
Payout of Accrued PTO Upon Termination/Layoff
Be sure to include in your policy what happens to accrued but unused PTO once an employee leaves a company. Some states require that any accrued but unused PTO and sick time be paid out to the employee upon termination. In states that do not require payout, if you have a policy in place to pay out unused PTO upon termination, you must adhere to your policy regulations.
States Included | PTO Pay-Out Requirements |
|---|---|
California, Nebraska | Employers in these states must pay out accrued, unused PTO upon termination or layoff. Additionally, there is a ban on use-it-or-lose-it policies. |
Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Mississippi, Missouri, Nevada, New Mexico, South Dakota, West Virginia, Wisconsin | Employers in these states are not required to pay out accrued PTO upon termination or layoff. |
Colorado, Illinois | In these states, your business must pay out accrued, unused vacation PTO in the final paycheck. It is advisable in these states to not have a rollover policy for PTO, as it is difficult to administer, and you could find yourself having to pay out a large amount of money. |
Alaska, Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, Washington D.C., Hawaii, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington State, Wyoming | You are not required to pay out PTO in these states; however, your business, no matter what size, should have a clear policy statement on whether PTO will be paid out upon termination or layoff. If your business is in one of these states, and you do not have a policy in place that states otherwise, then you must pay out any unused accrued PTO at the time of termination. |
Louisiana, Massachusetts, North Dakota, Rhode Island, South Carolina | In Louisiana and Massachusetts, employers are required to pay out accrued PTO, and a use-it-or-lose-it policy may be put in place. In North Dakota, Rhode Island, and South Carolina employees must be paid for PTO after 1 or more years of service. |
Most states | State laws often defer to the employment agreement, if there is one, as long as the agreement is more generous toward the employee than the governing state law. |
(Source: Paycor)
Eligibility
Be sure to include who is eligible for PTO in your policy. Not all employees you hire will be eligible for PTO; however, that is at your discretion.
- Full-time employees: Full-time employees, whether paid by salary or an hourly wage, are typically part of the worker class automatically eligible for PTO.
- Part-time employees: Part-time employees (those paid hourly and working fewer than 35 hours per week) are not generally eligible for PTO. However, if you decide to include this working group in your PTO policy, make sure you clearly spell out how much time they have available per year.
- 1099 contractors: 1099 contractors (those not on your payroll for tax purposes and typically paid by the hour or piece) are not generally eligible for PTO.
Again, we recommend that you check with your state and local laws, as some require sick time to be available to different classes of employees.
Best Practices for a PTO Policy
As you create your PTO policy, be mindful of the following best practices to make it clear and understandable:
- Put it in writing: Have a clear, written policy that employees understand. It is also a good idea to have this policy in your employee handbook and in an online format for easy reference.
- Have a process: Employees on all levels must follow the same process for requesting PTO. Make sure when an employee is brought on board, you communicate the PTO policy to them in the employment agreement (or employee handbook) and during new hire onboarding.
- Use a tracking system: A time and attendance platform can help you track PTO and provide vacation and sick balances for your employees, making payroll management, employee management, and time-off management less of a headache. Whether you track time, attendance, and leave on your own or through a partner, be sure that it is consistently done for all employees.
Did You Know?
Work-life balance—including schedule flexibility, paid time off, and leave—is “critical” for employees, according to The Employee Benefit Research Institute’s 2022 Workplace Wellness Survey Report.
Bottom Line
Paid time off is an excellent benefit to offer your employees and can help you retain top talent. A top priority when creating a PTO policy is to determine the amount of PTO you want to offer your employees and the different types that will be included in your policy. Be sure to also check your state and local employment laws to remain compliant. Download our PTO policy template to use as a reference for creating your own.
